Reading 38: Equity Valuation: Concepts and Basic Tools

50 questions available

Valuation Concepts and Models10 min
Valuation involves estimating an asset's intrinsic value, which is the value a rational investor with full knowledge would assign. Comparing intrinsic value to market price determines if a stock is a buy or sell. Analysts use three main categories of models: Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) models, Multiplier models, and Asset-based models. DCF models focus on the present value of future cash flows, such as dividends or free cash flow to equity. Multiplier models compare stock price or enterprise value to fundamental metrics like earnings or sales. Asset-based models look at the market value of assets net of liabilities.

Key Points

  • Intrinsic value is the rational value based on full knowledge of asset characteristics.
  • Undervalued: Market Price < Intrinsic Value; Overvalued: Market Price > Intrinsic Value.
  • DCF models use the present value of future cash flows (e.g., DDM, FCFE).
  • Multiplier models use ratios (e.g., P/E, EV/EBITDA) based on comparable firms or fundamentals.
  • Asset-based models estimate equity value as Fair Value of Assets - Fair Value of Liabilities.
Dividends and Corporate Actions10 min
Companies distribute value to shareholders through cash dividends (regular or special), stock dividends, or share repurchases. Stock splits divide existing shares into more shares, lowering the price per share but keeping total wealth constant. Reverse splits reduce the share count and increase the share price. The dividend payment chronology includes the declaration date, ex-dividend date (first day trading without dividend), holder-of-record date, and payment date.

Key Points

  • Regular dividends are consistent; special dividends are one-time payments.
  • Stock dividends and splits change share count but not total shareholder wealth.
  • Share repurchases are an alternative to cash dividends and reduce shares outstanding.
  • Important dates: Declaration, Ex-dividend (price drops), Record, Payment.
Discounted Cash Flow Models15 min
The Dividend Discount Model (DDM) values stock as the present value of all future dividends. The Gordon Growth Model applies to firms with constant dividend growth, using the formula V0 = D1 / (k - g). The sustainable growth rate depends on ROE and the retention rate. Multistage models accommodate firms with changing growth rates (e.g., high growth followed by stable growth). Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) is used when firms don't pay dividends proportional to their capacity.

Key Points

  • Gordon Growth Model: V0 = D1 / (ke - gc). Requires ke > gc.
  • Sustainable growth rate (g) = Retention rate (b) × ROE.
  • Multistage models sum PV of high-growth dividends and PV of terminal value.
  • Terminal value is often estimated using the Gordon Growth Model at the point of stability.
  • Preferred stock value = Dividend / Required Return (perpetuity).
Price Multiples and Asset-Based Valuation15 min
Price multiples like P/E, P/B, P/S, and P/CF are used for relative valuation. 'Justified' multiples are derived from fundamentals (e.g., DDM), while 'comparables' look at peer, industry, or historical averages. Enterprise Value (EV) multiples (e.g., EV/EBITDA) assess total company value relative to earnings available to all capital providers. Asset-based models estimate equity value by adjusting balance sheet items to fair market value, useful for tangible-asset-heavy firms or liquidation scenarios.

Key Points

  • Justified leading P/E = (1 - b) / (k - g); related to payout, risk, and growth.
  • Enterprise Value (EV) = Market Equity + Market Debt - Cash/Investments.
  • EV/EBITDA is useful for firms with different leverage or negative net income.
  • Asset-based models provide a floor value but struggle with intangible assets.
  • Law of one price guides the use of comparables.

Questions

Question 1

An analyst estimates a stock's intrinsic value to be $40 while its market price is $35. If the analyst is confident in their model and inputs, they would most likely conclude the stock is:

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Question 2

Which of the following is considered a multiplier model of equity valuation?

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Question 3

A dividend paid out in the form of new shares of stock rather than cash is known as a:

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Question 4

Which of the following corporate actions results in a reduction in the number of shares outstanding and an increase in the stock price, leaving shareholder wealth unchanged?

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Question 5

The first day on which a share purchaser will not receive the next dividend is called the:

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Question 6

A stock typically trades without the right to the next dividend starting on the:

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Question 7

If an investor buys a share one day before the ex-dividend date, they will:

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Question 8

Calculate the value of a stock that paid a $2.00 dividend last year, if next year's dividend is expected to be 5 percent higher and the stock is expected to sell for $45.00 at year-end. The required return is 10 percent.

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Question 9

The Gordon (constant) growth model is most appropriate for valuing companies that:

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Question 10

Using the Gordon growth model, calculate the value of a stock that just paid a dividend of $1.50, if the long-term growth rate is 4 percent and the required return is 9 percent.

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Question 11

If a firm's required return on equity (k) is less than its dividend growth rate (g), the Gordon growth model:

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Question 12

What is the intrinsic value of a preferred stock paying a fixed annual dividend of $4.50 if the required rate of return is 6 percent?

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Question 13

The sustainable growth rate of dividends is best estimated as:

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Question 14

Green, Inc. has a return on equity (ROE) of 15 percent and pays out 40 percent of its earnings as dividends. What is its sustainable growth rate?

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Question 15

A firm is expected to grow at a rate of 20 percent for 3 years and then 5 percent thereafter. Which valuation model is most appropriate?

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Question 16

Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) is defined as the cash flow available to the firm's common equity holders after meeting:

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Question 17

Valuation using FCFE is preferred over DDM when a firm:

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Question 18

The price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio calculated using next year's expected earnings is known as the:

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Question 19

According to the Gordon growth model, the justified leading P/E ratio is equal to:

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Question 20

Other things equal, a firm with a higher dividend payout ratio will have a:

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Question 21

The law of one price suggests that two comparable assets should have:

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Question 22

Which price multiple is preferred for analyzing firms with negative earnings?

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Question 23

Enterprise Value (EV) is calculated as the market value of common and preferred stock plus the market value of debt minus:

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Question 24

Which of the following is a key advantage of using EBITDA in the Enterprise Value multiple (EV/EBITDA)?

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Question 25

Asset-based valuation models estimate the intrinsic value of common stock as:

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Question 26

Asset-based models are most reliable for valuing firms that:

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Question 27

In the context of valuation, a 'floor value' is often provided by:

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Question 28

A primary disadvantage of price multiples based on comparables is that:

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Question 29

The ratio of stock price to book value of equity per share is the:

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Question 30

Firms with low price-to-book ratios are typically considered:

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Question 31

Which valuation model category is best grounded in finance theory?

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Question 32

A major disadvantage of discounted cash flow models is that:

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Question 33

When calculating the P/E ratio for a cyclical firm during a recession, the ratio may be misleadingly high due to:

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Question 34

Calculate the Enterprise Value (EV) for a firm with a market capitalization of $100 million, market value of debt of $30 million, and cash of $5 million.

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Question 35

The declaration date is the date on which:

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Question 36

A share repurchase has the same effect on shareholder wealth as a:

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Question 37

Assume a stock price of $50. A 2-for-1 stock split will result in a new price of:

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Question 38

In a multistage dividend discount model, the terminal value represents:

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Question 39

A firm has a justified leading P/E of 10. If the expected earnings next year are $2.00, the intrinsic value of the stock is:

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Question 40

Which of the following inputs generally has the largest impact on the Gordon growth model valuation?

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Question 41

A firm has Net Income of $5M, Depreciation of $2M, Capital Expenditures of $3M, and an Increase in Working Capital of $1M. Assuming no debt changes, the Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) is:

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Question 42

Analysts often use Enterprise Value (EV) multiples rather than P/E multiples when comparing firms with significant differences in:

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Question 43

The Price-to-Cash Flow (P/CF) ratio is calculated by dividing stock price by:

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Question 44

Using a peer group median P/E of 15 and a company's expected earnings per share of $3.00, the estimated stock value is:

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Question 45

A key assumption of the Gordon growth model is that:

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Question 46

For a firm paying no dividends currently but expected to start in 5 years, the analyst must first estimate:

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Question 47

One advantage of asset-based valuation models is that they:

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Question 48

In the method of comparables, the 'Law of One Price' implies that:

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Question 49

If a firm has a retention rate of 0 percent, its sustainable growth rate is:

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Question 50

Which valuation model is most appropriate for a firm in financial distress?

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