Reading 38: Equity Valuation: Concepts and Basic Tools
50 questions available
Key Points
- Intrinsic value is the rational value based on full knowledge of asset characteristics.
- Undervalued: Market Price < Intrinsic Value; Overvalued: Market Price > Intrinsic Value.
- DCF models use the present value of future cash flows (e.g., DDM, FCFE).
- Multiplier models use ratios (e.g., P/E, EV/EBITDA) based on comparable firms or fundamentals.
- Asset-based models estimate equity value as Fair Value of Assets - Fair Value of Liabilities.
Key Points
- Regular dividends are consistent; special dividends are one-time payments.
- Stock dividends and splits change share count but not total shareholder wealth.
- Share repurchases are an alternative to cash dividends and reduce shares outstanding.
- Important dates: Declaration, Ex-dividend (price drops), Record, Payment.
Key Points
- Gordon Growth Model: V0 = D1 / (ke - gc). Requires ke > gc.
- Sustainable growth rate (g) = Retention rate (b) × ROE.
- Multistage models sum PV of high-growth dividends and PV of terminal value.
- Terminal value is often estimated using the Gordon Growth Model at the point of stability.
- Preferred stock value = Dividend / Required Return (perpetuity).
Key Points
- Justified leading P/E = (1 - b) / (k - g); related to payout, risk, and growth.
- Enterprise Value (EV) = Market Equity + Market Debt - Cash/Investments.
- EV/EBITDA is useful for firms with different leverage or negative net income.
- Asset-based models provide a floor value but struggle with intangible assets.
- Law of one price guides the use of comparables.
Questions
An analyst estimates a stock's intrinsic value to be $40 while its market price is $35. If the analyst is confident in their model and inputs, they would most likely conclude the stock is:
View answer and explanationWhich of the following is considered a multiplier model of equity valuation?
View answer and explanationA dividend paid out in the form of new shares of stock rather than cash is known as a:
View answer and explanationWhich of the following corporate actions results in a reduction in the number of shares outstanding and an increase in the stock price, leaving shareholder wealth unchanged?
View answer and explanationThe first day on which a share purchaser will not receive the next dividend is called the:
View answer and explanationA stock typically trades without the right to the next dividend starting on the:
View answer and explanationIf an investor buys a share one day before the ex-dividend date, they will:
View answer and explanationCalculate the value of a stock that paid a $2.00 dividend last year, if next year's dividend is expected to be 5 percent higher and the stock is expected to sell for $45.00 at year-end. The required return is 10 percent.
View answer and explanationThe Gordon (constant) growth model is most appropriate for valuing companies that:
View answer and explanationUsing the Gordon growth model, calculate the value of a stock that just paid a dividend of $1.50, if the long-term growth rate is 4 percent and the required return is 9 percent.
View answer and explanationIf a firm's required return on equity (k) is less than its dividend growth rate (g), the Gordon growth model:
View answer and explanationWhat is the intrinsic value of a preferred stock paying a fixed annual dividend of $4.50 if the required rate of return is 6 percent?
View answer and explanationThe sustainable growth rate of dividends is best estimated as:
View answer and explanationGreen, Inc. has a return on equity (ROE) of 15 percent and pays out 40 percent of its earnings as dividends. What is its sustainable growth rate?
View answer and explanationA firm is expected to grow at a rate of 20 percent for 3 years and then 5 percent thereafter. Which valuation model is most appropriate?
View answer and explanationFree Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) is defined as the cash flow available to the firm's common equity holders after meeting:
View answer and explanationValuation using FCFE is preferred over DDM when a firm:
View answer and explanationThe price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio calculated using next year's expected earnings is known as the:
View answer and explanationAccording to the Gordon growth model, the justified leading P/E ratio is equal to:
View answer and explanationOther things equal, a firm with a higher dividend payout ratio will have a:
View answer and explanationThe law of one price suggests that two comparable assets should have:
View answer and explanationWhich price multiple is preferred for analyzing firms with negative earnings?
View answer and explanationEnterprise Value (EV) is calculated as the market value of common and preferred stock plus the market value of debt minus:
View answer and explanationWhich of the following is a key advantage of using EBITDA in the Enterprise Value multiple (EV/EBITDA)?
View answer and explanationAsset-based valuation models estimate the intrinsic value of common stock as:
View answer and explanationAsset-based models are most reliable for valuing firms that:
View answer and explanationIn the context of valuation, a 'floor value' is often provided by:
View answer and explanationA primary disadvantage of price multiples based on comparables is that:
View answer and explanationThe ratio of stock price to book value of equity per share is the:
View answer and explanationFirms with low price-to-book ratios are typically considered:
View answer and explanationWhich valuation model category is best grounded in finance theory?
View answer and explanationA major disadvantage of discounted cash flow models is that:
View answer and explanationWhen calculating the P/E ratio for a cyclical firm during a recession, the ratio may be misleadingly high due to:
View answer and explanationCalculate the Enterprise Value (EV) for a firm with a market capitalization of $100 million, market value of debt of $30 million, and cash of $5 million.
View answer and explanationThe declaration date is the date on which:
View answer and explanationA share repurchase has the same effect on shareholder wealth as a:
View answer and explanationAssume a stock price of $50. A 2-for-1 stock split will result in a new price of:
View answer and explanationIn a multistage dividend discount model, the terminal value represents:
View answer and explanationA firm has a justified leading P/E of 10. If the expected earnings next year are $2.00, the intrinsic value of the stock is:
View answer and explanationWhich of the following inputs generally has the largest impact on the Gordon growth model valuation?
View answer and explanationA firm has Net Income of $5M, Depreciation of $2M, Capital Expenditures of $3M, and an Increase in Working Capital of $1M. Assuming no debt changes, the Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) is:
View answer and explanationAnalysts often use Enterprise Value (EV) multiples rather than P/E multiples when comparing firms with significant differences in:
View answer and explanationThe Price-to-Cash Flow (P/CF) ratio is calculated by dividing stock price by:
View answer and explanationUsing a peer group median P/E of 15 and a company's expected earnings per share of $3.00, the estimated stock value is:
View answer and explanationA key assumption of the Gordon growth model is that:
View answer and explanationFor a firm paying no dividends currently but expected to start in 5 years, the analyst must first estimate:
View answer and explanationOne advantage of asset-based valuation models is that they:
View answer and explanationIn the method of comparables, the 'Law of One Price' implies that:
View answer and explanationIf a firm has a retention rate of 0 percent, its sustainable growth rate is:
View answer and explanationWhich valuation model is most appropriate for a firm in financial distress?
View answer and explanation